DiGMi

Are you using LyX with Hebrew?

Isn’t it annoying that when CAPSLOCK is on the entire text goes Gibberish?

The problem lays in the fact that by default some of the capital letters are mapped to the hebrew Niqqud characters. There for, when you type ‘S’ for example you will get a Dagesh.

How to solve it? Just edit: “C:\Program Files\LyX20\Resources\kbd\hebrew.kmap” (replace “C:\Program Files\LyX20\” with your installation folder) and comment all the lines (using # as comment) below the line:

# Hebrew points (nikud)

Restart LyX and we are done!

[latexpage]

A Gaussian function (named after one of the greatest mathematician, Carl Friedrich Gauss) is a function of the form: \[ f\left(x\right)=ae^{-\frac{\left(x-b\right)^{2}}{2c^{2}}} \]

We would have like to examine the following integral: \[ I=\intop_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-x^{2}}\mathrm{d} x\]

But we are facing a problem, what is the antiderivative function of $e^{-x^{2}}$?

Well, You won’t be able to find one, at least not an elementary one. The integral of a Gaussian is the Gauss error function, but in this special case, there is a cool way to calculate this integral.

At first, Instead of looking at $I$, lets take a look at $I^{2}$. Meaning:
\[ I^{2}=\intop_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-x^{2}}\mathrm{d} x\intop_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-y^{2}}\mathrm{d} y \]

Note: In the second integral, I’ve changed the variable of integration to y. I can do that, because it’s a completely separated integral.

Now, notice that the following integral is equivalent to the following:\[
\intop_{-\infty}^{\infty}\intop_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-x^{2}-y^{2}}\mathrm{d} x\mathrm{d} y
\]
Well, That’s a bit weird. Now we have a double integral! We’ve made the problem much more complex! Or did we?

Well, yes, now we have a double integral, but there is a good reason for that. Now we can change our coordinate system to the polar coordinate system (Meaning: $x=r\cos\theta, y=r\sin\theta$) and remember to multiply by the Jacobian determinant! In our case, the Jacobian determinant is $r$. So, we got:
\[ \intop_{0}^{2\pi}\intop_{0}^{\infty}e^{-r^{2}}r\mathrm{d}r\mathrm{d}\theta \]
But wait a minute, this looks familiar! Notice that:
\[ =-\frac{1}{2}\intop_{0}^{2\pi}\intop_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}r}\left(e^{-r^{2}}\right)\mathrm{d}r\mathrm{d}\theta=-\frac{1}{2}2\pi\intop_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}r}\left(e^{-r^{2}}\right)\mathrm{d}r=\] \[ =- \pi \left[e^{-r^{2}}\right]_{0}^{\infty}= -\pi\left[0-1\right]=\pi\]
Therefore:
\[ I^{2}=\pi\Rightarrow I=\intop_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-x^{2}}\mathrm{d} x = \sqrt{\pi} \]

Welcome to 2012!!! Enjoy it like it is the last year of your life! (according to a common mistaken translation of the Maya calendar, it might be…)